Investment Strategy and Portfolio Management Assignment - 1

Venture Strategy and Portfolio Management - Assignment Example The firm has foreseen that subsidize withdrawals by individuals who have contributed for in any event five years will surpass finance inflows (from new and existing givers) by 7% per annum on normal for the resulting five years. A proposed translation of this 7% figure is: (Cash outpourings during year †money inflows during year)/Total resources at 1/1/2014 = 7%The pattern, in this manner, calls for key measure to be taken to guarantee the proceeded with endurance of the activity. The venture advisory group should set up solid measures to guarantee that the contenders don't out do the Morris Capital.Over the most recent couple of years, the world’s money related framework has experienced its most prominent emergency since the Great Depression. Thorough monetary scrapes have become visible simultaneously in various areas, and the financial emergencies are being felt all through the universe as a result of the expanded interconnectedness of the overall economy.To effectivel y accomplish upper hand Morris capital must start speculation procedures to meet the inadequacy that will be brought about after the underlying speculator members’ begin pulling back their cash from the activity. The speculation board of trustees will value utilizing either the dynamic or latent venture draws near. The speculation board of trustees is obliged with;†¢Ã‚ How to go to another degree of development and practical productivity in a domain of low loan costs (Bernstein 2001)†¢Ã‚ Rebuilding resource quality and reinforcing their capital sufficiency

Performance and Reward Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Execution and Reward Management - Assignment Example ure individual, gathering and authoritative objectives are comprehended, centered around principle goals of that association and are associated with the drivers of results. At the end of the day, drive the outcomes is the longing of the workers to meet and surpass the hierarchical goals and targets and to improve one’s own performance. It is tied in with needing to improve the exhibition and ascertaining hazard taking in light of a legitimate concern for improving the whole authoritative execution. To draw in and hold gifted representatives, the association ought to give them the expert turn of events. This should be possible through persuasive and prize methodologies, testing errands and other learning activities that bring the profession accomplishment and hence work fulfillment. Regardless of whether the exhibition the board procedure is conflicting, directors inside certain association ought to understand that absence of individual and expert advancement of representatives will prompt the decrease of their efficiency. This developing ability, as the other motivation behind execution the board, is fundamental for the associations to prevail in their exercises. To accomplish information on the exhibition of a worker, one should follow the staff’s exercises against business goals and prize one’s exercises or improve the presentation. It is additionally essential to recognize promising ability inside certain association and guarantee perfect individuals are elevated to the suitable situations, as it will invigorate others to accomplish better outcomes and for the association it implies better picture and lower representative turnover. So as to guarantee the presentation the board procedure to be successful, chiefs ought to absorb the procedure and afterward apply it appropriately. For this reason it is crucial to acknowledge in what course one should move and subsequently to build up a vital arrangement in the exhibition the board procedure. The viable hierarchical arrangement will be created when quantifiable objectives are built up. They will adjust to the authoritative vital and

Analysis of the company Human Resource Management - Free Essay Example

Introduction The main objective of the company is to be the most successful airline in the world, and to realize this vision; the company has made huge investments in its Human Resources, which is considered as the most valuable asset of any organization. The organization recruits highly skilled and intellectual personnel and replaces them with more supportive and resourceful ones which I believe is an effective Human Resource Management (HRM) technique. HRM mainly refers to the planning, development and the utilization of workforce in an organization so that it can achieve better productivity as it tries to attain its objectives. This paper is an attempt to evaluate the current human resource management practices at the company using the Storey Model. Question 1 The Storey model considers a more humane approach to human resource management and in many respects, managing this approach to Human Resource can be quite difficult among many organizations (Boxall, 1996, p.5). While other management models try to promote positive attitudes through increasing employee responsibility by means of promotion and increased salaries, cultural change as per the Storey Model mainly concentrates on attitudes of employees and aims to promote commitment rather than resigned behavioral compliance (Truss, 1997, p.15). As a result, the managerial tasks may become more difficult compared to other models of HRM, where cultural change is required. Even by todays standards, The Company has managed to significantly improve its corporate culture compared to its early days. For instance, during the 1980s when the airline was facing challenges, the companys productivity was below its main competitors, forcing it to incur huge financial losses. It seemed employees were bec oming increasingly discontent, evidenced by increasing customer dissatisfaction which made it one of the airlines to be avoided as per the advisory of the International Airline Passengers Association in 1980 (Bertillo et al., 3013, p.213). However, Bertillo (2013, p.215) notes that by the mid-90s, this situation had been completely reversed making not only the most profitable airline in the world but also among the top favorites that most graduates wanted to work for. Five years later, another survey declared the airline the second most admired company in Europe (Stewart, 2017, p.132). Much of these can mainly be attributed to the companys cultural change which was played a significant role in shaping the attitudes of the staff as well as placing more attention on customer care as the primary focus activity (Harvey and Turnbull, 2016, p.76). It was largely successful due to the management’s focus on creating a vision that would inspire the companys employees including gaining their commitment. At the heart of this success was the Putting People First training programme that was initiated by the new management (Robertson and Cooper, 2015, 64). Though it was initially intended for staff who interacted directly wit h customers, it was later attended by all the forty thousand employees the company had at the time and aimed to influence their attitudes. In sharp contrast to the old culture of the company, employees were required not to attend the training in uniform, and once in the course, they were instructed to group into cross fictional and cross-grade groups. The training program was consciously designed to modify behavior, and attending employees were required to adopt a more positive attitude towards themselves, taught how to set personal goals, how to cope with stressing situations and trained on how to build confidence as well as how to get what they wanted in life (Stewart, 2017, p.140). This approach was self-consciously indocrinative in nature, especially in how it was designed to attain self-commitment of the staff. Apart from the success in getting the staff to be more committed in their roles at the company, one other significant process in cultural change at the organization was the way in which existing recruitment policies and practices were adjusted to fit the new culture at the company, that also included a new emphasis on the new practices and programmes (Jackson et al., 2014, 25). Not only were team briefings and integrated teamwork introduced, but they were also developed and refined in accordance with the new culture. The rostering of cabin crews was changed in order to provide a more flexible work environment and make the cabin crew feel happier. Besides, managerial bonuses were raised to almost 20 percent of salaries and were determined by exhibiting desired behaviors and achieving set objectives (Nickson, 2013, p.312). Awards of excellence and other similar activities encouraged employees to continue performing better. Over three decades since the implementation of these initiative s, The company is still reaping from the success of these programmes. In fact, it is difficult to believe that without these structural improvements the company would still be thriving today (Stewart, 2017, p.135). Equally, the structural interventions might have played a key role in enhancing the corporate culture at the organization (Storey, 2014, p.223). Question 2 A growing service sector and an increasing focus on customer service in most industries call for more emphasis on the service process, of which most employees are part of, which clearly shows the importance of the companys new culture (Storey, 2014, p.346). To date, the company still conducts these programmes, such as the Customer first campaigns and Putting People First program that are meant to make the 20, 000 plus employees of the company become more customer focused and breakdown bureaucracy among employees. Besides these, the company has also invested in employee development programs that are geared towards encouraging employees to continue learning by providing them with access to major learning programs. The first of these is based on the principles of open learning, which provides a number of progressive stages and qualifications and can eventually allow an employee to graduate with an MBA (Aswathappa, 2013, 237). The second program is the Top Flight Program which provides a series of learning stages in steps and is designed to allow participants to progress to an executive position (Aswathappa, 2013, 240). Recent surveys still show that customers are still satisfied by the services offered by the airline, and have continued to develop more positive attitudes towards the kinds of services they receive as compared to surveys in the 80s and early 90s (Bamber et al., 2013, 254). This success can be largely attributed to the companys Human Resource planning and development over the years that have had a direct impact on its good performance (Stewart, 2017, p.219). Moreover, the employees of the company today are more satisfied with their salaries, work flexibility, career development opportunities at the company as well as the ability to participate in organizational strategic decision making which results in a more favorable working environment and this increases their commitment to work for the company (Storey, 2014, p.250).

The Financial And Business Performance Of TESCO - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 22 Words: 6465 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? A company founded by Sir Jack Cohen in 1924 when its first day sale revenue was  £4 and profit was  £1, is the name of todays billion-pound revenue making organization known as Tesco Plc. First Tesco store was opened in 1929 and it become private limited company in 1932. In 1947 Tesco float on stock exchange. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Financial And Business Performance Of TESCO" essay for you Create order Tesco launched its website in 2000 and in 2001 it become leading organic retailer in the UK. From 2002 Tesco reaches to international market and opened new stores in Malaysia, in 2003 it opened store in Japan and turkey etc. Now Tesco is the world third largest food retail company while in the UK it is number one. With 2115 stores, Tesco is Britains largest retailer for food and non-food products (Ref.1, Metro 2006).Tescos Group sale has gone to 11.1% and dividend per share 10.9p not only this but also impressive expansion in all over the world that makes Tesco prominent in food retail industry in the world and particularly in the UK. As an investor and an accountant, I realized the opportunity to analyse the financial statements of the Tesco which will help me to increase my knowledge and skills to evaluate the companys performance. It also helps to understand about the future plans and opportunity in the Tesco. Therefore, I proposed to analyse the following aims and objective s. Aims and objectives The aim and objectives of this research were to examine and evaluate the following factors of the business performance of Tesco Plc: Social Economic Responsibilities towards all stakeholders. Non-financial Performance measures Financial performance measures including, Profitability measures, cash flow statement analysis, assets management performance and liquidity performance. The intention was also to compare the performance with the industry average or competitor wherever it was possible The following section examines and evaluates possible frameworks that would allow this research to effectively meet this aims and objectives. 1.3 The Conceptual Framework Through studying for a business degree, an ACCA qualification, examining and evaluating academic literature, I have considered many conceptual framework. Financial and ratio analysis are valuable tools for evaluating the companys performance but it only examine the financial data and ignore the non-financial perspectives which are going to be more valuable in this modern world then these were ever. Therefore, our business models were considered, such as the balanced scorecard approach, Porters five forces model and BCG matrix. However, porters five forces and the balanced scorecard approaches considered to be the most appropriate for this project as it examined the both internal and external factors. In order to obtain the relevant data the following methodology was undertaken. 2. METHODOLOGY 2.1 Research Philosophy and Approach As the Aim and objective of this project was to explore the financial and non-financial data in order to induce a theme, it was believed that an interpretive research philosophy and inductive approach would be the most appropriate. It also allowed theories to arise as a result of and during the research, which allowed the research project to refocus during the analysis (Ref.2, Zina OLeary, 2004) 2.2 Research strategy 2.2.1 This research project used secondary data The research used secondary data to evaluate performances for the last three years of Tesco (2006-2008). This approach allowed trends to be evaluated and explored which gave strong meaning to the data collected or gathered. A case study approach adopted because it enable the researcher to gain richer understanding of the entity and gave the research the ability to generate answers to the question. Begin by understanding the context in which the case is being analyzed or discussed. What is the topic being discussed? How does this case relate to the topic? (Ref.3, San Josà © State University 2004) 2.2.2 Primary vs. secondary data Primary data was considered, as it would not only have added greater insight and depth into the qualitative aspects of this research, but also it would have reinforced any secondary data obtained (Ref.4, Saunders et al. 2003). However, it was decided to use secondary data for the research of Tesco plc. Secondary data can be really effective and cost effective as it had already been collected and analyzed but problem is if the data had already been collected and analyzed then it also has been used for some other purposes and for different group of people according to their requirements. (Ref.5, A.J. Bell 1995), State: presentation could be misrepresentative as the data collected for different purposes, It could be unreliable as its origin is known and there is risk of bias. The following section examines how I improved the credibility of the secondary data, by examining bias, reliability and validity of the secondary data gathered. 2.3 Bias and Reliability of Secondary Data I was aware of possibility of misunderstanding the data or arriving at the wrong conclusion. Therefore, in order to increase reliability, I gathered the data from the different sources and subsequently match the data that been collected from the different source and tried to use the reliable authentic one. Reliability and authentication of data depend on the source which can be companys website, different business and financial websites, study text books, newspapers and many more. 3. SECONDARY DATA REVIEW 3.1 Academic Textbooks Various different textbooks (especially study text books from FTC, BPP and LONDON SAM) were used to get better knowledge and understanding about the business performance. These were either from my own study text books from fundamental level paper and professional paper or from the London Library. My study textbooks are mostly base on accounting and strategy subject which really helped me to evaluate the financial and business performance of Tesco. Where ever I felt difficulties to understand any term or any point I consult with different books from the library, in contrast I found research related books very useful and innovative with regards to the methodology. 3.2 Newspapers and Magazine Student Accountant, PQ Magazine, The financial Time and City Am amongst other been used to get higher detailed knowledge of the research topic. However I found The Financial Times more helpful for this research project because it keeps highlighting not only financial matter of the company but also non financial matters of the companies. For me it was easier to find out relevant data about the other companies within the same industry like Sainsbury, Asda in the UK and WM globally to compare and analyze the business performance over last three years. 3.3 Websites Tescoplc.com was main website source to get research data for this project. Data mainly taken from the Tesco website was the company financial statements, annual reports, media releases and events. But when reading and analyzing financial and non-financial data, from company official website, lot of extra care and attention is needed as there can be a risk of bias. Research data was also extract and examined from some other websites such as Financialtime.com, thisismoney.co.uk, bpp.com, google.com, reuters.co.uk, investor.cisco.co.uk and many more websites been used to complete this research topic effectively and timely. 3.4 Tesco PLC. Reports Tesco annual financial statements, annual reports and media reports were key source of information for this research topic which has been gathered from different sources. Financial reports contain mainly statement of financial position (balance sheet), statement of financial performance (company income statement), cash flow statement and statement of changes in equity. Non-financial reports may includes company social responsibility towards different stakeholders, Auditors annual report (qualified or non qualified) and directors basis of remuneration etc. Although Companys financial statements prepared in accordance with the international accounting standard (IAS), even than companys profit can be manipulated or smoothing of profit tact can be used. Other problems which may occur by using Tesco financial statements is that financial accounting base on the historic data which may not reflect the current position or future position of the company clearly. So, here again extra care is needed and more analysis is to be done in order to know the better view of the companys performance. 3.5 Limitations Limited access to sensitive data, time restriction and using secondary data for research project, were all limitations of this research. However, objective of this project was to evaluate the business and financial performance of the Tesco Plc. I believe, these limitations do not affect the credibility of this research project as the data I used can be compared and can be found from different sources, for this report. 3.6 Ethical Issues Secondary data already is for general public which can be used from different groups of stakeholders according to their need. In this research project I used secondary data as source of information which is already a public domain So, there is no ethical issue regarding the confidentiality. 4. THE CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK 4.1 The Balanced Score Card Model Robert Kaplan and Davis Norton carried out a year- long research project and defined the balance scorecard model which enables the companies to evaluate the financial and non financial performance of the Tesco by dividing into four different perspectives (Ref.6, Accountancy College, and JUNE2008): 4.1.1 Financial perspective Tesco financial measures can be evaluate through different heads, liquidity analysis (current and quick ratios), profitability ratio which includes gross profit margin, net profit margin, cost percentage to sale etc. Financial performance of Tesco will be analyzed in detail further in the project. 4.1.2 Customer Perspective Demand for existing and new customers should be satisfied. Tesco policy is to provide Goods of good quality at reasonable prices to its customers. Tesco also considers the customers local and traditional demand. 4.1.3 Internal Business This perspective evaluates the relationship between Tesco and its trade creditors. Recently it has been announced that Tesco asked all of its non-food suppliers to wait for an extra 30 days for payment and also asked them to reduce the prices of the products. (Ref.7, Jennifer Creevy, October 2008) 4.1.4 Innovation and Learning Company culture and innovation approach can be evaluated from the employee productivity and training development programs from the company to its employee. It also need to asses whether Tesco was providing its employee training and development to ensure that its work force is fully competent and providing excellent service for the best interest of the organization. 4.2 Porter Five Forces Model Porter Five Forces Model explains the competitive strategies for the business. How success full Tesco is in non financial performance can be evaluate from its planning towards its competitors and other parties. Tesco non financial performance can be assessed in the light of (Ref.8, Michael Porter 1980) Five Forces Model. 4.2.1 New Market Entrance Tesco is in the food retail industry which is highly competitive. New entrants in the food retail market may not feel easy but even then Tesco strategy against new competitor should be clear. Like Wall-Mart enter in the UK market by ASDA and create high level of competition for Tesco. (Ref.9, Elizabeth Rigby 2008) in her article for financial time states that: competition test has been supported by ASDA, Ms and some other but was opposed by Tesco and won the case after competition test ruling. 4.2.2 Suppliers Powers Powerful suppliers can create problem for the business even they are really good in the financial performance. Non availability to at high cost products can reduce the profit or even destroy the image of the company when products are not available on the shelves on time. Tesco have numbers of suppliers for each products and some of the products are made by Tesco themselves or with the cooperation of the Tesco. Many products prices has been reduced in recent years as compare to the competitors and is also increasing the debtors or supplier payments days to cut the prices of the products which shows company good control on the supplier announced by the (Ref.10, Terry Leahy, chief executive of Tesco plc 2008.) 4.2.3 Substitute Substitute quality or price of the products can affect the targets and objects of the company. Tesco adopted innovative and learning approach. In Porters five forces model, substitutes refer to product in other industries having the same use and for whom the demand of one product changes with the price of another similar or quite similar product. Management of Tesco focused on price and quality of the product and also timely availability. 4.2.4 Buyer power Buyers or customers are powerful or customers are like king for the business. Companies have no or less control on the buyer but strong brand name can attract the customers attention. Tesco gain really good reputation in the UK market and became largest food Retail Company of the UK. But there is limited number of buyers in the market and in the competitive situation, Tesco has to be really good in price as well as in quality of the products. 4.2.5 Competitive Rivalry Conflict among the existing competitors involves market manoeuvring, which increase product innovation for Tesco. In this situation competitive within the food industry may reduced price and spend money on advertisement to win the market share which may end up on the loss for all companies. In current situation there is price war between Tesco and its biggest competitor ASDA (subsidiary of Wall-Mart) and even then Tesco is performing well and still maintaining number one position in the UK market from many year There are more ways to measure the Non financial performance, like The performance pyramid approach The building block approach The six sigma approach But due to some limitation I used two approaches to evaluate the non financial performance of the Tesco Plc. 5. FINDINGS 5.1 Economic Growth Before I start my research on the economic growth, I would like to briefly discuss the economic environment and growth procedure of the Tesco. Currently Tesco UKs sale growth is slowest since 1990s, group sale gone up by 11.1% as compare to 2007 figure but the group profit increase by 5.7%. The different between sale percentage and profit percentage identifies higher cost of sale and other operating expenses. Tesco is a large group that can cut the prices to win the more customers and can share pain of that lower price with supplier: (Ref.11, Robert Peston, BBC news). And this is the approach, Tesco is going to apply on supplier and asked them to reduce product prices and extend payments terms which also reduces the finance cost. Tesco is growing on a fast track in international markets especially in Asia (814 stores in Asia and Thailand is on top of the list with 476 stores), Europe, and USA region by introducing new names like Fresh and Easy same as WM did by entering as ASDA in the UKs market. During last three years, Tesco international market as numbers of stores grown by 80%, Group sale revenue rose by 20% in total, out of this 46% is UK share, 29% is Asia share and 25% is Europe . Although number of stores are increasing in Non UK market (508 stores open only in 2005 out of which 350 were outside the UK) But about 50% of total group profit is contributed by UKs market. (Appendix A) 5.2 Tesco Operational Performance Bearing in mind the current economic situation in the world where financial crises melting down world biggest financial institutions and other well known companies, Tesco has secured a remarkable position with solid growth globally. There is no doubt about the good operational performance over the last there years. Market share of Tesco and other food retail stores are given below. . Ref.12: TNS World panel, (2008) Tescos share of the UK grocery retail market in the 3 months to 20-05-207 was 31.32%, which is 0.03%below as compared 3 months to 22-04-2007. UK market Share: On 20/04/ 2008 consumer spends  £6336887000 in the Tesco which is 31.1% of the total groceries market in the UK but it reduce to 0.3% comparatively from last time in 2007 market shares in the UK which was 31.4%. Sainsburys share also reduced to 0.4% from last period. ASDA and Morrisons market share rise by 0.1% and 0.3% in this period till April 2008.these figures shows that there are limited number of customers so if one will win then second has to lose. However, Tesco group sale hiked to  £51.8bn in 2008 by employing 440,000 plus people worldwide. Tesco has shown extra ordinary non financial performance and good financial performance when there is price war between ASDA and Tesco. And its expecting to rise in 2009 when fresh and easy stores are really successful in USA. Tesco was successful not only in food or other products items but also remain successful in services business in 2008 by gaining demonstrating growth, breadth of the group supported by increasing strength as a leading internet retailer. Dotcom was an excellent form, with sale in Tesco gone up by 30%, telecoms performed well. And joint venture with O2 turned into profit for this first time in 2008. (Ref.13, Financial Statement (2008). Tesco is not only successful company but also considered to be a green company working for society and environment. Charity, donation and gifts amount of  £4.4 million to British Red Cross. Tesco is also playing an important role in local community and has opened cultural centers in all countries of operation. In recent years Tesco spend  £600,000 for new automated recycling machines for customers in some stores in 2006. Following the community plan in 2006 now Tesco have expand this to nine different countries, bearing together a range of community, environmental and health project, accor ding to local market needs, and also have plan to start this programme in the remaining three countries quite soon.(Ref.14, David Reid 2008) 5.3 Sale Performance UK sale are gone up 6.7% and trading profits grew by7.1%- after Tesco start-up cost in the US and on the Tesco direct TO  £2050m, helped by a solid margin performance. Group sale have increased by 11.1% to 51.8bn in 2008.group non food sale rose 12% to  £11.8bn and none remains an important contribution to Tesco. Total international sales grew by 25.9% to  £13.8bn. People are a little bit more interested in value they have become cannier. But there is an opportunity for Finest food because people are eating out less. She added that furniture, tied to the fortunes deteriorating housing market, had been hit by consumer cutbacks, while pushing promotions and value lines, Tesco had a good track record of margins being pretty steady. The chain has set aside  £450m for its step change efficiency savings program coming year, up from  £350m year end 23/02/2008. Stated by (Ref.15, Lucy Neville-Rolfe.2007). In 2007 Tesco has been knocked out from its leading position in neighb ourhood retailing, mean merging between co-op groups which created UKs largest neighbourhood retailer with a share of 7.9%. However, Tesco not only keep its leading position in the UK market but also improved sale revenue from previous years. Clearer picture about the sale performance can be seen in following chart. (Appendix-A) Group revenue (excluding vat) rose 20%, in the rest of Europe revenue increased by 35% and in Asia by 27% from  £4369m to  £5552m during last three years, UK revenue up but not the percentage as in the other areas of operation, which mean Tesco working on the policy of extending and growing overseas and keep maintaining the position of the as leading grocery retailer in the UKs market where revenue increased 16% from  £29990m to  £34874m over last three years. 5.4 Profitability Analysis Group profit before tax is up by 5.7% or by 15.3% if exclude the last year pensions, here it seems to show higher profit in last year when actually gross profit before tax was not healthy and transferred last year pension against current year profit. This profit smoothing has been forbidden by 1AS. However, these results demonstrate the strength of the group. UK trading profit rose 7.1% to  £2050m, with the trading margins at 5.9%, slightly up on 2007 and 2006. (Appendix-B) Profitability analysis shows Tesco has not deteriorated significantly over last three years. All three profitability measures have remained almost same from 2006 to 2008, there are slightly changes in measures but it went down to the previous position in 2008. ROCE numerator represent profit before interest tax and denominator being the sum of net assets.Net debts dividend creditors excluding asset held for resale (net). Shareholders would obviously be concerned about profit reduction which was 6.2% in 2007 and then 5.78% in the 2008 because when operating profit is low obviously profit for distribution to shareholders should be lower. Earnings per share rose to 20.20p in 2006 (26.95p in 2008). Over last three years group revenue increased to 20% and operating profit increased to 22% when inflation rate was 3% to 4% and cost the products kept increasing but after all these was kept growing and had good control on the prices. Operating profit margin decreased .42% in the UK mar ket its mean company operating cost is higher than the last years, advertising cost going out of control due to high level of competition and war for the prices. Tesco direct cost increased while it price of products remained same or cut the prices to win the customers which affect the gross profit margin. Tescos International markets or non UK markets contributed  £701m to trading profit; in Europe sales raised by 23.9% to  £7.8bn which  £6.3bn in 2007. Trading profit increased to  £379m, up 24.8% in Asia and sale rose by 27.2% to  £6.0bn (2007-  £4.7bn) 5.5 Assets Management Efficiency Tesco total net assets have increased by  £1,331m (in 2007) to  £11,902 and noncurrent assets increased by  £3,633m after charging depreciation to tangible assets and amortization to intangible assets of  £992m. Inventory rose 66% to 243000 in 2008 (from  £1464000 in 2006) compared to sale increased by 20% in last three years while inventory as percentage of revenue was 3.7% in 2006, 4.5% in 2007 and 5.1% in 2008 or 4.4% average over last three years. This constant level of inventory shows Tesco policy to keep sufficient inventory of avoiding inventory shortage and enjoying trade discount for bulk purchase. This can be one aspect on the other hand there is huge difference between the percentage of inventory and revenue so, company should reduced the inventory level and pay to supplier earlier to get more discount or invest this sum of money in short term security to get some returns. Inventory holding period reduced by 3 days (23days in2007 and 20 days in 2008), but over three years inventory holding period increased as it was 14 days in 2006. Inventory holding period need to improve, Tesco is well known food retail store for fresh food and management should improve inventory control system new scanning gaps using hand held computers on constant cycle. Tesco also introduced delivery to stores in shelf-ready packaging which will helps in efficient management of stock delivery on time and improve in turnover period. Trade and non trade payable increased 43.2 and cost of sale gone up 20% during last three years showing consistency while creditors as percentage of coast of sale also remained between 14%-16%. This consistency show trade creditors or supplier not been used as free source of finance and paid them on time. In (Ref.16, Tesco Annual report 2008), Tesco is one of three signatories to the UK Government statutory supermarkets code of practice. It takes supplier relationship very seriously and has introduced in the KPI Steering Wheel. L ast confidential supplier survey on Feb 26th showed more than 90% supplier consider Tesco as reliable, trustworthy fair. T Tescos asset turnover y rose 12% to 1.96 times in 2007 (in 2006 1.75 times) and then reduced 20% in 2008 to 1.56time. So, over last three years assets turnover reduced 11%. This result shows assets management efficiency been affected and it can be seen that  £1 worth of assets earn 11% less than the previous years (before 2006). Non-current assets increased 28% over last three years. Another aspect of reducing current assets and increasing non-current assets can be the Tescos expansion to all over the world opening new stores and exploring new markets, which increased company fixed or non -current assets by using current assets like cash. 5.6 Short Term Liquidity Tescos ability to pay its customers or supplier can be analyzed by Current ratio and quick ratio. Indicators of current ratio show companys ability to pay current liabilities. If all the supplier demand for the payment at the same time, is company able to pay all demanded creditor, can be assessed by quick ratio approach where inventory do include as liquid assets. (Appendix-B) Over the last three years Tescos Current ratio increased 17.3% (0.61:1 from 0.52:1); this is mainly increase 60.75% of current assets. Most likely its due to increase in cash, short term investments and inventory which help to increase the liquidity ratios. Inventory was increasing at high percentage as compare to percentage of sale; company increased the level of inventory its either to get more trade discount or to keep secure the business not to run out of stock. Quick ratio increased 15% to 0.38: 1 (0.33: 1 in 2006) but if compare to industry average 0.57:1 in 2006, quick ratio indicate company is facing liquidity problem. Tescos inventory increased 66% while sale by 20% over last three years. So, this extra 46% of inventory should convert into cash as soon as it can be. By converting inventory into cash will not stable liquidity position but also reduce the holding cost which will affect on the company annual profit. Current liabilities increased 3% while current assets increased by 60.75%, here is big difference between current assets and current liability which shows liquidity position of Tesco healthy while by analyzing quick ratio it seems company facing cash problem and Tesco should convert its current assets in more liquid form (cash or cash equivalent form) 5.7 Shareholder Interest Dividend paid increased 26% to 10.90p (from 8.63p) over three years while 13% increased from 2007 and also in line with EPS.non availability of enough cash and other liquid assets also posed no threat to dividend payments. Tesco announced to pay dividend in line with EPS.A final dividend of 7.70pence per ordinary share brings the full year dividend to 10.90 pence (including 2.80 pence interim dividend).an increase of 13.1% in 2008 as compare to 2007 when dividend per ordinary share was 9.64 and 26.3% as compare with dividend of 2006 when dividend per share was 8.83 pence (Appendix-B) Diluted earnings per share grew by 20.8% to 27.02 pence in 2008 which was 22.37 pence in 2007. Price earnings ratio (P/E ratio) decreased to 14.8P in 2008 from 19.9P in 2007. It shows how much an investor is willing to pay for making one pound return. Earnings per share (EPS) increased 33.4%, investors hesitating for further investing as share price remained almost same although dividend on the investment increased but it is arguable that investor can make money just by depositing into bank accounts and get interest from that deposit without having any risk. Some analysts considered a high P/E is due to overpriced share market value. Highest dividend yield was 2.7% in 2008 over the last three years. 5.8 Balance Sheet Analysis Balance sheet net assets have increased by  £1331m to 11902m while non -current assets increased after depreciation and amortization for the amount of  £992m.Gearing measures borrowed funds against equity, which include retained earnings, provisions, premium and ordinary share capital. Tescos gearing increased by 56.93% compared to 45% in 2007 and 49.4% in2008.company ability to pay interest increased by 8% to 10.70 times from last year figure and 23% over the last three years. Financial leverage continues to improve as net finance costs have reduced in last three years due to good credit control management. Tescos finance cost can be reduced more if company use trade creditor as free source of finance. 5.9 Cash Flow Analysis Overall, the group generated a net cash inflow of  £801m, leaving net debt of  £6.2bn at the yearend 2008 which is  £1.3bn more than the last year. (Appendix-B) Tescos cash and cash equivalent position strengthen and increased 72% in 2008 with cash inflow of  £801m but even than I am not confident that company is able to pay current liability by cash. This is in Tescos plan to increase the creditor payment period and reduce the inventory level to the level of sale percentage. Company should also plan to sale noncurrent assets which are not really in use or giving low productivity to generate some cash. Financial and Non-Financial Key Performance Indicators We operate a balanced scorecard approach to managing the business that is known internally within the Group as our Steering Wheel. This unites the Groups resources and in particular focuses the efforts of our Staff around our customers, people, operations, finance and the community. Its prime focus is as a management tool for the company so that there is appropriate balance in the trade-offs that need to be made all the time between the main levers of management such as operations measures, Financial measures or delivery of customer metrics. It therefore enables the business to be operated and monitored on a Balanced basis with due regard to the needs of all stakeholders. For the owners of the business, it is simply based around the philosophy that if we look after customers well and operate efficiently and effectively then shareholders interests will always be best served by the inevitable outputs of those growth in sales, profits and returns. (Ref.17Tesco Annual Report 20 08) Dependency on UK market to 74% of the total group revenue Nearly one third (31%) of UKs total market share Excellent distribution network and new self-service checkouts systems been introduced Tesco is the worlds third largest grocery retailer with operation in 12 international markets and employing over 440,000 people. 6-CONCLUSIONS 6.1 Objective 1-The effect of social and economic responsibility towards all stakeholders on Tescos business performance. Tesco was recognized as an Example of Excellence in the Barclays Environmental Leadership category at the Business in the Community Awards in July 2008. In 2006, as part of Community Plan, Tesco announced a string of long-term targets aimed at minimizing environmental impact and till now going ahead to achieve these targets. (Ref.18, Press Releases, 18 July 2008). Tesco policy to its customers is key factor of success and (Ref.19, Dr. Paul Temporal) states, When Tesco says, Every little helps, it really means it. Its CRM program is certainly one of the best in the world, and customers love it. Tesco has been principally a food retailer in the U.K., in a mature market that has grown little in the last 20 years or so. That Tesco has grown its business at all which is a source of consumer attraction, when the only route to growth is taking market share from competitors. Tesco is fully aware of its social responsibility and really committed to provide best level of service to all stakeholders. And therefore I believe Tescos relation with local community, government, employees and others stake holders is impressive. 6.1 Objective 2- The effect of Non-financial performance in the UK and outside the UK on Tesco. 30,000 new jobs to be created across the group in 2008 and total number of employee reached to 440,000 in 3738 stores. Tescos plan to open over 11.5m square feet of new group space this year, 80% of it outside the UK. Easy and fresh retail stores in USA opened another door of haven for success.  £5bn- plus property funding programme going well.  £200m transaction with the prudential plc completed before the year ended 2008. Strong start in 2008-13% growth in first five weeks Clearly Tesco had a strong growth across the group and produced above the competitors and average industry performance, and therefore I do believe that Tesco deserved to be number one retail grocery store of the UK and third largest in the world 6.3 Objective 3- The effect of financial performance including profitability, cash flow, assets managements and liquidity analysis of Tesco plc. Terry Leahy, Chief Executive, comments: The breadth of the Group and the strength of our business model have enabled Tesco to deliver another year of double-digit sales, profit and earnings per share growth in challenging market conditions. We begin the new financial year confidently with a good start in the UK, excellent progress in our established international markets and promising early performance from our investments in future growth, particularly in the United States, China and Turkey. Clearly, not only was Tesco, profitability, with good control of its costs, but also had a high level of total assets over total liability which present Tescos balance sheet really strong. But if we focus on the quick ratio in liquidity situation it will not be difficult to analyse that it may face cash problem although there is positive movement in 2008. Therefore I believe that close analysis of cash flow statement will reflect cash shortage to Tesco and can be seen from the Tescos quick ratio 38% compare with industry ave rage 57%. 7. RECOMMENDATIONS At a time when others appear to be faltering in their international commitments, Tesco is getting stronger (Ref.20, Rachel Sanderson 2008) Tesco should increase the number of stores in the low-income. Since Tesco strongly highlights its commitment to food access in low-income communities. It should be identified a goal for how many of Tescos store locate in the communities that have low rate of income and they are food insecure. Tesco needs to insure that a substantial percentage of its store-based peoples are full-time employees who are paid a reasonable wage and have affordable quality health benefits. Tesco should establish a positive relationship with labour unions and not seek to influence employee decisions on whether to join the labour unions or not. Tesco should make a mechanism for community input into its operations. Advisory committees or similar community mechanisms for dialogue that can help stores stock products desired by local customers or community. Tesco should establish mechanisms to increase local sourcing for its products and support small local farmers. It could help to make this goal through labels identifying the origin of product like from California or from Arizona. Tesco should design and site new stores according to the principles of green design and smart growth that will helpful to minimize climate change impact. Tesco should achieve green building certification for its stores to demonstrate commitment to sustainable design, and should make information on stores environmental features available to customers and community member. Tesco should accessible to pedestrians, bike riders and public transportation and specially for disable people reasonable measures should in place that make easy their accessibility into stores. The authors view Tescos entrance into the U.S. market as an opportunity to challenge all food retailers to think broadly about the social and environmental impacts of the way they conduc t their businesses. Perhaps Tesco spokesperson Simon Uwins (2007) put it most aptly in describing why he loves retailing, Its so democratic: our customers and our employees will decide whether or not weve been successful in creating a great shopping trip and a great place to work and thats how it should be.1 Tesco currently paying huge amount as interest and foreign exchange rate change, Tesco should deal in local currency or open foreign currency account with the reserve Tescos International expansion in lucrative markets like India, China US would help expand customer base but bearing in mind mature markets like US would not be an easy task as it is the home to WM parents of ASDA. Research needs to be done and lesson learned from Marks Spencer and Sainsburys expansion in US. Tescos inventory holding period should be improved. Use just in time method (where it is possible) or make an arrangement with supplier to build up system according to the demand of the Tescos custo mers. Tescos sale over last three years increased by twenty percent while inventory gone up by sixty six percent. Tesco should reduce the level of inventory to a little up then the sale that will also reduce the holding cost and handling cost. Tesco should transfer some of its fixed assets or less liquid assets to current assets. It improves the level of cash and liquidity ratio. Grocery retail industry average for liquidity ratio is 57% while Tescos liquidity ratio in 2008 was 38% which is below the average industry rate. Tesco should use trade and non trade creditor as free source of finance. Current assets increased 60.75% (mainly inventory) while current liabilities increased by 3% only so, the difference of percentages can be used as short term investment and gain return on it. BIBLOGRAPHY Tesco to create UKs biggest store. Metro 27 November 2006. OLeary, z. (2004). The Essential guide to doing Research. Sage publication Ltd, London. SjSU, (2004). Case Study Approach to Learning, California USA. https://www.sjsu.edu/depts/it/itcdpdf/casestudy.pdf: ( visited 28February 09) Saunders, M. Lewis, P. Research Method for Business students. 3rd addition, Essex: Person education Ltd. Bell, Anthony J. (1995), Doing your Research Project, A guide for first time researchers in education and social science. 2nd Ed: Open University press. Accountancy College, (2008). ACCA, Paper F5, Performance Management, study text book, Holborn, London. Creevy, Jennifer (27 October 2008).Tesco extend supplier payment terms, Retail week. https://www.retail-week.com/Food/2008/10/tesco_extends_nonfood_supplier_payment_terms.html (visited 02 March 2009) Porter, Michael E. (1980). Competitive Strategy, 1st Ed: USA. Rigby, Elizabeth (2008).Tesco Victory after Competition Test Ruling, Financial Time, 29 November 2008. Leahy, Terry (2008), Tesco tells suppliers to cut the price, Tesco Annual Reports 2008, Tescoplc.com, UK. Peston, Robert (2009). BBC News, BBc business news 27, February 2009, UK. TNS, World panel (2008). UK Market share, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesco (visited 3rd March 2009 ) Annual financial report, Tesco plc (2008). Growth in Non-food Sector, https://www.tescoreports.com/ (visited 26 February 2009) Reid, David (2008), Non- Executive Chairman. Tesco Annual report 2008, Tescoplc.com. UK. Neville-Rolfe, Lucy(2007). Tescos corporate and legal affairs director. The guardian 2nd August 2007. Tescos Annual Report 2008.Assets management Performance, Page number67 69. Tescos Annual Report 2008.Key Performance indicator, Page number7. Press Releases 18 July 2008. Tesco to get power from straw. Media release, Tesco Plc. https://www.tescoplc.com/plc/corporate_responsibility/news/press_releases/pr2008/2008-07-18/ (Vis ited 14 March 2009) Dr Temporal, Paul. Tesco- the brand experiences everything, Hi-Tech Hi-Touch Branding, January 2001. Sanderson, Rachel (2008). Reuters, Recommendation, from Tesco Plc Annual Reports 2008 https://stocks.us.reuters.com/stocks/incomeStatement.asp?symbol=TSCO.LHYPERLINK https://stocks.us.reuters.com/stocks/incomeStatement.asp?symbol=TSCO.LWTmodLOC=L2-LeftNav-17-FinancialStatementsperiod=AHYPERLINK https://stocks.us.reuters.com/stocks/incomeStatement.asp?symbol=TSCO.LWTmodLOC=L2-LeftNav-17-FinancialStatementsperiod=AWTmodLOC=L2-LeftNav-17-FinancialStatementsHYPERLINK https://stocks.us.reuters.com/stocks/incomeStatement.asp?symbol=TSCO.LWTmodLOC=L2-LeftNav-17-FinancialStatementsperiod=AHYPERLINK https://stocks.us.reuters.com/stocks/incomeStatement.asp?symbol=TSCO.LWTmodLOC=L2-LeftNav-17-FinancialStatementsperiod=Aperiod=A 16-3-09 Uwins, Simon, marketing a spokesperson, Growth in: USA. https://www.tescoplc.com/plc/ir/pres_results/presentations/p2007/tesconov07/ introfresheasy.pdf (Visited 16 March 2009) All annual reports and Executive Summary has been taken from Tescoplc.com, https://www.tescoplc.com/ (Visited 26 February 2009 and different times during project.) APPENDICES APPENDIX A  2008 2007 2006 3-Year Change  £bn  £bn  £bn Group Sales( £bn) 51,773 46,611 43,137 20% No of Stores 3,751 3,263 2,672 40% Non UK stores 1636 1275 774 111% UK Stores 2,115 1,988 1,898 11% REVENUE EXCLUDING VAT UK 34,874 32,665 29,990 16% Rest of Europe 6,872 5,559 5,095 35% Asia 5,552 4,417 4,369 27% Total 47,298 42,641 39,454 20% OPERATING PROFIT UK 2,097 2,083 1,788 17% Rest of Europe 400 324 263 52% Asia 294 241 229 28% Total 2,791 2,648 2,280 22% OPERATING MARGIN UK 6.0% 6.38% 5.96% 1% Rest of Europe 5.8% 5.83% 5.16% 12% Asia 5.3% 5.46% 5.24% 1% Total 5.9% 6.27% 5.78% 2% Ref.22, Financial statements Tesco for year of 06/07 and 07/08 APPENDIX B  2008  £m 2007  £m 2006  £m 3 years change PROFITABILITY ROCE 12.9% 12.6% 12.8% 1% Operating Profit Margin 5.9% 6.27% 5.78% 2% GP Margin 7.68% 8.12% 7.67% ASSET MANAGEMENT/ EFFICIENCY Inventory Turnover (Days) 20 23 14 42% Inventory as a Percentage of Revenue 5.1% 4.5% 3.7% 38% T. Payable as % of Cost of Revenue 16.7% 15.3% 14.0% 19% T. Asset Turnover (Times) 1.56 1.96 1.75 -11% SHORT TERM LIQUIDITY Current Ratio 0.61 0.56 0.52 17% Quick Ratio/ Acid Test Ratio 0.38 0.32 0.33 15% SHAREHOLDER INTEREST Return on Shareholder Fund 23.5% 25.1% 23.7% -1% Dividend Per Share 10.90p 9.64p 8.63p 26% Earnings Per Share 26.95p 23.61p 20.2p 33% Dividend Cover 2.48 2.32 2.34 6% Price Earnings Ratio 14.8% 19.9% 16.5% -10% Dividend Yield 2.7 2.2 2.6 4% FINANCIAL LEVERAGE Net Gearing 56.93% 45.41% 49.41% 15% Interest Cover (time) 10.7 9.9 8.7 23% Ref.22, Financial statements Tesco for year of 06/07 and 07/08

Essay on Making Drug Testing Mandatory for Welfare

Over the years there has been an aid called â€Å"welfare† that helps struggling people by offering financial support. Welfare is a federally funded program that helps citizens that are in financial trouble, with the intention of being a sort of â€Å"stand in† for income until a person is able to get back on their feet and find a new source of employment. This program started back in 1930’s as a response to the financial hit many people with a family took as a result of the Great Depression. There are multiple types of welfare that give aid to specific aspects of a person’s life, which include health care, food stamps, childcare assistance, unemployment, housing care assistance, and cash aid. When welfare became popular, it created controversy†¦show more content†¦Contrary to this opinion, many are against it, arguing that drug testing for welfare is unconstitutional. There is valid reasoning to both sides of the argument, but drug testing thos e receiving government financial aids can only benefit the system and the country in the long run. People believe that drug testing is unconstitutional because it is a violation of the fourth amendment, which states a clause prohibiting unreasonable search and seizure. In Jackson Lewis’s Citys Pre-Employment Drug Testing Requirement Unconstitutional for Non-Safety-Sensitive Library Position he states that â€Å"The need for suspicion-less testing must be far more specific and substantial than the generalized existence of a societal problem†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Lewis). The people who would agree with Lewis are believe that the states which require drug testing for welfare are doing so with no legitimized reason to suspect drug abuse to require a drug test. Therefore, this would be considered â€Å"unreasonable search and seizure† in some people’s minds. Since drug testing is considered a search it is therefore required to have a search warrant to carry out, and if you do not have a warrant, it can be viewed as an unconstitutional act. This is what is causing the fuss about drug testing for welfare. People would feel differently about the drug testing for welfare if there was suspicion suspected before doing the test. Drug testing for welfare would be a smart andShow MoreRelatedWelfare Reform : Social Welfare Policy1257 Words   |  6 Pages Social Welfare Policy Social Welfare Policy Analysis Eric Dean University of Arkansas Introduction Several states have recently begun to enact legislation that requires welfare recipients to submit to drug tests before they are eligible to receive any public assistance. The purpose of mandatory drug testing is to prevent the potential abuse of taxpayer money, help individuals with drug problems, and ensure that public money is not subsidizing drug habits (Wincup, 2014). 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Managing innovations In Organization Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Managing innovations In Organization. Answer: Introduction Innovation is the process of thinking of new ideas to make changes within the organization for an improvement in the process. This assignment will be discussed about the technological innovation for which various examples of this innovation will be described. The world has become advanced and people are adapting latest technology to accomplish their desires. Innovation has the various elements such as challenge, contemplation, culture, customer focus and completion. The most important milestones of this innovation will be mentioned to describe the attainment of this innovation within the organization and the impact of technological innovation on the organization andmanagement approach will be defined which will be helpful to understand the role of technological innovation within the organization. Technological innovation The role of technological innovations in making life easier of people is huge. However, the breakthroughs of the technological also generate the social and ethical consequences. A technological innovation is facilitated to improve the growth of the business and enhance the productivity of the employee. The equipment and resources of the organization can be used in effective manner with the help of technological innovation. There are various technological innovation has been done in the world. Technological innovation is more advantageous for the market platform as it make work easy and fast. The technological innovation is tending to be provided the huge profits to the organization whether it is small or big (Newell, Robertson, Scarbrough and Swan, 2009). The subtype of technological innovation is defined below. Various examples can be seen of technological innovation in now days. Amazon is the well known electronic commerce company that innovate new technique to reach its customer. A drone has been implemented by Amazon Company to deliver the products to the customers instantly. Primary air is a delivery system which is designed by Amazon to provide the products within 30 minutes or less. It has been analyzed that the prime air has effectiveness to increase the services what it already is being provided to millions of customers by Amazon. It will enhance the overall safety and effectiveness of the transportation system (Isckia and Lescop, 2009). Subtype of technological innovation There are various industries that take benefits of the interest of people with advanced technology these days. It has been found that there is a huge difference in between the earlier days until now because now days technologies are made and sold in the market at very specific prices. The subtype of technological innovation is Semi-radical, disruptive and incremental (Geldes, Felzensztein and Palacios-Fenech, 2017). Semi-radical It is the sub concept of the technological innovation and this kind of technology are relying on the existing knowledge about technology. For instance, cell phones are considered as mobile phones but due to technological changes the work of it is different around these days. There are some example of semi radical innovation such as sales force. It is CRM system harnesses not only for a new technology platform in develop the cloud computing but a new business model too (Gnyawali and Park, 2009). Disruptive The disruptive technology is another sub concept of technological innovation in which it breaks the old one trends of innovation and brings new products and technologies that are most acceptable and accessible. The existing business is being encouraged with the help of disruptive technology. For instance, digital photography is good due to its minimization of traditional films and e-readers that can make the print media ineffective (GIS Innovation Centre., 2015). Incremental Incremental technologies are not huge but it has wide value in the organization because it helps to improve the products and services of the organization (Schilling, 2010). It is considered as the later version of word processing program which permits every user to create new document types by using more effective tools which proved as the best illustration for enhancing the modern technology. Important milestones for technological innovation Technological innovation has changed the entire face of the world. Now, people can order or get knowledge about everything without going outside their house due to effective use of technology (Brown and Osborne, 2012). It has been analyzed that in past decades, kidney failure meant certain death but due to effective adoption of technological innovation such as dialysis treatment which can remove the deadly impurities from the blood and save the life of an individual. Technological innovation has the huge importance in changing the daily life of the human beings by providing the services of online store and online banking where people can operate their daily needs things with the help of internet (Aminbeidokhti, Jamshidi and Mohammadi Hoseini, 2016). The major four milestones from 1990 to today are described below. Development of the home computer Technology has become advanced and it has become advantageous for the people to work from anywhere. Mobile technology is effective and it enables people to communicate with each other from all over the world. Creation of the World Wide Web It has been seen that the World Wide Web is released in 1992. The use of internet in those days is different in c comparison of today. Websites are developed on daily basis where information can be taken from any sources. Evolution of Google In 1998, Google is found as the pioneer in the area of internet technology. It had opened various work locations and start developing the business that today influences almost every company in all over the world. Advancement of wireless communication Wireless internet connection is emerged in the early 1990s but it was not until around in the year of 2000 due to popularity of the wireless communication. Wireless internet is incorporated in home computers in the time of adding Centro chip by Intel (Yang, Wang, Geraci, Elkashlan, Yuan and Di Renzo, 2015). Innovation has affected organisations management approach Innovation can influence themanagement approach of the organization. There are various examples that show the importance of the innovation in the organization (Razavi and Attarnezhad, 2013). Amazon has launched the drone which name is Prime Air. It assists to deliver the products within limited time to the customers. It has great potential to deliver the produces as soon as possible and limited time has been decided of 30 minutes. Geneva Motor Show has revealed worlds best commercial flying car (Hitti, 2013). The manufacture of aircraft is Dutch that has launched a flying car that can convert from drive to flight mode in under in 10 minutes. It is an epic innovation done in the world which is equivalent with plane that has special features of lying or driving. This innovation has been certified to fly under the US Federal Aviation Administration and the European Aviation Safety Agency. It also meets the standard road safety requirements. There is another example of innovation such as driverless car. Waymo and Uber have self driving car which is shown the advanced technology (Felton, 2018). These cars have successful response and people accepted this inn ovation because it provides the safety as well. Themanagement approach of the organization has hugely impacted due to this innovation because it helps them to do something new and different. Innovation aids to build a stronger brand image because customers will link Uber with getting where they need to go in the times where facilities and safety is more considerable. Recommendations Technological innovation is effective as it has provided huge profit to the organization (Camisn and Villar-Lpez, 2014). Various examples of technological innovation have been discussed in this assignment which shows that people rely on innovation and appreciate the technique. However, the innovation is being done by taking consideration of the demand of the people but there are some recommendations for them which show they can be more developed. It has been recommended that organization should consider advanced technology to make satisfy their customers. As it has been discussed the example of Amazons prime air which deliver the products to the customer in 30 minutes, the organization should focus on less time of delivery. Along with that the facility of charging should be there such as charging from solar energy. Uber driver less car has been accepted by people and it can be more advanced by adapting latest technology such as digital roadmap in the car and television facility to th e customers which may attract many customers. It has been found that the innovation of the organization is existed only till organization adapts the latest technology formation in products and services. Along with that the example of flying car has been taken in this assignment and for further development of this innovation, organization need to make some changes time to time so that it can exist in the competitive market for a long time. There can be more innovation happen for further development such as indicator of traffic and digital technology in the car to show the way to the driver (Nyln and Holmstrm, 2015). References Aminbeidokhti, A., Jamshidi, L. and Mohammadi Hoseini, A., 2016. The effect of the total quality management on organizational innovation in higher education mediated by organizational learning.Studies in Higher Education,41(7), pp.1153-1166. Brown, K. and Osborne, S.P., 2012.Managing change and innovation in public service organizations. Routledge. Camisn, C. and Villar-Lpez, A., 2014. Organizational innovation as an enabler of technological innovation capabilities and firm performance.Journal of business research,67(1), pp.2891-2902. Felton, 2018. Google's Waymo And Uber Reach $245 Million Settlement In High-Profile Lawsuit Over Stolen Autonomous Tech. Accessed on 18th March 2018, from: https://jalopnik.com/googles-waymo-and-uber-reach-settlement-in-high-profile-1822868808. Geldes, C., Felzensztein, C. and Palacios-Fenech, J., 2017. Technological and non-technological innovations, performance and propensity to innovate across industries: The case of an emerging economy.Industrial Marketing Management,61, pp.55-66. GIS Innovation Centre., 2015. The Innovation of Technologies and its Three Types. Accessed on 18th March 2018, from: https://www.gistic.org/the-innovation-of-technologies-and-its-three-types/. Gnyawali, D.R. and Park, B.J.R., 2009. Co?opetition and technological innovation in small and medium?sized enterprises: A multilevel conceptual model.Journal of small business management,47(3), pp.308-330. Hitti, N. 2013. World's first" commercial flying car unveiled at Geneva Motor Show. Accessed on 18th March 2018, from: https://www.dezeen.com/2018/03/13/worlds-first-commercial-flying-car-unveiled-at-geneva-motor-show/. Isckia, T. and Lescop, D., 2009. Open innovation within business ecosystems: a tale from Amazon. com.Communications and Strategies,74, pp.37-54. Newell, S., Robertson, M., Scarbrough, H. and Swan, J., 2009.Managing knowledge work and innovation. Palgrave Macmillan. Nyln, D. and Holmstrm, J., 2015. Digital innovation strategy: A framework for diagnosing and improving digital product and service innovation.Business Horizons,58(1), pp.57-67. Razavi, S.H. and Attarnezhad, O., 2013. Management of organizational innovation.International Journal of Business and Social Science,4(1). Schilling, M.A., 2010.Strategic management of technological innovation. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Yang, N., Wang, L., Geraci, G., Elkashlan, M., Yuan, J. and Di Renzo, M., 2015. Safeguarding 5G wireless communication networks using physical layer security.IEEE Communications Magazine,53(4), pp.20-27.

Term paper free essay sample

We have gathered data by survey to understand individuals perception about rights and laws. We will write a custom essay sample on Term paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1. 5 Limitation of the Study It is quite impossible for us to prepare a report without limitations. Lacking of information and time limitation are main limitation of the report. Further, it was difficult for us to create proper communication with urban people in Bangladesh. 1. Methodology of the Study The study is based on creating legal awareness through ICT in urban Bangladesh. To collect information we have visited different types of NGOs like Asha, Ain o Salish Kendro ,MohilaSomiti and some other organizations, and we also studied different of ICT and children development, the peoples republic of Bangladesh for collecting information. 1. 7 Ethical Issues The ethical guidelines in completing this report include transparency and honesty in carrying out the study, timely data collection and compilation to finish the work within the deadline. In conducting the work, we have to study about rights and laws. Appropriate references have been included for materials obtained from secondary sources. Chapter 2 Introduction Legal Rights of People 2. 1 The so-called digital divide is actually several gaps in one. There is a technological divide†great gaps in infrastructure. There is a content divide. A lot of web-based information is simply not relevant to the real needs of people. And nearly 70 per cent of the worlds websites are in English, at times crowding out local voices and views. There is a gender divide, with women and girls enjoying less access to information technology than men and boys. This can be true of rich and poor countries alike. United Nations Secretary-General, Kofi Annan Statement to the World Summit on the Information Society, Geneva, 10 December 2003 The conventional societies have transformed into information societies with the rise of impact of Information and communication technologies (ICTs). ICTs have ensured the mass access to the stream of information and knowledge, which has improved the situation and decreased the socio-economic and practical barriers for the masses to get information about rights. The diffusion of the information and communication technologies in the societies especially in Asian societies have improved the situation in a sense that level of awareness is rising with the easy access to the information reating awareness about all the spheres of life including human and political rights. Formal political process and democracy are basically dependent on effective communication and properly conveyed decisions-making about political issues between citizens, politicians and other stakeholders who can be affected with collective political decisions (Habermas, 1996; vanDiJk, 2000). Internet has been increasingly used in campaigns and becoming a decisive factor in political campaign for candidates and web users alike with each passing election in developed countries (BucyAffe, 2006). The study of (Hansen Benoitb, 2005) investigated the immediate ffects of watching presidential candidates World Wide Web (WWW) sites of George W. Bush and A1 Gore in the 2000 general election and recorded that these sites have impacts on voters. Currently, the situation in developing countries is not the same as that of developed countries however, with the passage of time and with the diffusion of ICTs, it will change. The first few years of the new millennium witnessed extremely to 2003, the penetration of ICTs was one-quarter-billion in the developing countries. As a result of this rapid expansion in ICTs, youngsters belonging to developed and eveloping nations around the globe have got equal access to information and now they can share the ideas with other minds beyond the physical boundaries of their countries. It was estimated that there were 1. 4 billion of the web users by the year 2008. As per report of TU, there had been 20, 350, 000 Internet users since June, 2010 in Pakistan i. e. about 1 1. % of the population has reach to the Internet which actually does not represent the whole of the population. These Internet adaptors are usually belongs to urban areas with a better socio-economic and academic uplift and they can help trigger the process of true democracy. It has been observed that the Internet is enhancing the political participation between economically and educationally privileged users (Bonchek, 1997). 2. 2 Right of Life The Constitution of Bangladesh does not explicitly provide for the right to healthy environment either in the directive principles or as a fundamental right. Article 31 states that every citizen has the right to protection from action detrimental to the life liberty, body, reputation, or property, unless these are taken in accordance with law. It added that the citizens and the residents of Bangladesh have the inalienable right o be treated in accordance with law. If these rights are taken away, compensation must be paid. Article 32 states: No person shall be deprived of life or personal liberty saves in accordance with law. These two articles together incorporate the fundamental right to life. The following discussion suggests that this right to life includes the right to a healthy environment capable of supporting the growth of a meaningful existence of life. (l) In 1994, a public interest litigation was initiated before the Supreme Court dealing with air and noise pollution. The Supreme Court greed with the argument presented by the petitioner that the constitutional right to life does extend to include right to a safe and healthy environment. 2)ln a recent case, the Appellate Division and the High Court Division of the Supreme Court have dealt with the question in a positive manner. The Appellate Division, in the case of Dr. M. Farooque v. Bangladesh (3) has reiterated Bangladeshs commitment in the context of engaging concern for the conservation of environment, irrespective of the locality where it is threatened. This was a full court consensus Judgment and the ourt decided: The High Court Divisio n in the same case (4)expanded the fundamental right to life to include anything that affects life, public health and safety. It includes the enjoyment of pollution free water and air, improvement of public health by creating and sustaining conditions congenial to good health and ensuring quality of life consistent with human dignity. The court added that, if right to life means the right to protect health and normal longevity of any ordinary human being, then it could be said that the fundamental right to life ofa person has been threatened or endangered. 2. 3 Right to Equality The Constitution of India and Bangladesh provides that all are equal before the law and shall be accorded equal protection of the law. Equality before law means that, among equals, law shall be equal and shall be equally administered. Equal and no discrimination shall be made in conferment or imposition of liabilities. According to the Indian Constitution, article 14 states that: The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection before the laws within the territory of India. If article14 is infringed, it can have an impact on the environment and human rights. The urban environmental group frequently takes resort to article 14 to quash arbitrary municipal permissions for construction that are contrary to development regulations. Article 14 can be used to challenge government sanctions for mining and other activities with high human rights and environmental impact, where the permissions are arbitrarily granted without adequate consideration of environmental impacts. (5) Article 25 of the Constitution of Pakistan deals with right to equality. It states that all citizens are equal before law and are entitled to equal protection of law and that there shall be no discrimination n the basis of sex alone. The Constitution of Bangladesh provides similar rights to the citizens. Term Paper free essay sample Almost all large corporations have gained some equines interest in a market outside of their own domestic market. However, the degree of global success varies dramatically among firms and industries. It is imperative for the managers and strategists to study each others international failures and successes in order to avoid duplicating the former and mimicking the latter. To exploit the opportunities of the world trade, companies will need to take an active and ongoing strategic approach to global marketing. Global marketing and the opportunities it offers businesses today depend on the ability to adapt and find new solutions to complex issues. Among the major concerns Of strategic planning is the understanding and diagnosis of the environment, which can be described by aggregating many of the variables into sub environments. Quail ¶y management is an important part of every companys strategic planning process. Its sole purpose is to improve the performance of the organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Term Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This would appear to be common sense, yet very few international companies realize the promise of quality management to consistently improve the organizations results.Strategic planning is used by organizations to counter the internal ND external problems they experience. The internal and external problems prevent the firm to reach its goals. This paper will use strategic planning to solve the issues at the Chronicle Gazette and will offer the management of the company a strategic vision of where the newspaper publishing industry stands today and where it is headed over the next decade. Furthermore, it will also present different strategies that the company can investigate in order to survive in the new business environment. . State of the newspaper industry 2. 1. Declining circulation and revenue The newspaper industry is facing problems because of the advancement in technologies. The newspaper industry is the most profitable of all media industries. In order to produce its product, the newspaper industry combines technology, information gathering and packaging services, and financial support from advertisers and readers to produce a perishable product that is usable by literate audiences and whose usefulness to most consumers diminishes within a day.A variety of unique economic characteristics distinguish newspapers from other media. The mission Of newspaper enterprises includes both commercial and social facets. Like most other media, newspapers play important roles as facilitators of commerce, promoting consumption by creating consumer wants for products through advertising, and serving the financial interests of newspaper owners as part of the competitive economic system. Newspapers, however, play a greater role as facilitators of social and political expression than other media.As a result, newspaper firms tend to emphasize conveyance of information and ideas about contemporary events and issues to a greater degree than oth er Edie that are more entertainment oriented. The future of the newspaper industry is unclear because of declining readership, illiteracy, and technological changes, but there is no reason to believe the functions of newspapers will no longer be required or that newspaper companies do not have the ability to adapt and survive. Newspaper companies are concerned because it appears that the decline In readership of newspapers among the population as a whole will continue.Many persons, especially young people, appear uninterested in the current content of newspapers and make greater use of other media. Persons of all gees who cannot read, or do not read well, can be expected to increasingly use broadcast and cable services for their news, information, and advertising needs. Nevertheless, a great number of people can still be expected to want information of the type found in newspapers and there will continue to be a need for firms to gather and convey such information. Some futurists predict that the newspaper itself will disappear because of changes in production and distribution.They argue that the printing aspects of the industry will disappear and the electronic product currently being produced by the news ND advertising portions of newspaper companies will be transposed into an electronic newspaper deliv ered via cable or computer. Traditionalists disagree, arguing that the portability of newspapers will halt or delay such electronic distribution. In the short term, the prospects for the newspaper industry remain good. Habitual use and steady demand for the information product, as well its continuing attractiveness to advertisers, indicate that it should remain a profitable industry well into the 21st century.In the long term, the financial prospects of the newspaper industry are favorable even if genealogical and lifestyle changes lead consumers to accept electronic video- based distribution and the printing portion of the industry disappears. Under such a scenario, newspaper companies would replace their high-cost composition, printing, and distribution departments with a lower cost department that facilitates distribution or access through existing telecommunication or cable services, while continuing to use their prepares activities to provide the news and information for the new media product. . 2. Status of the newspaper leaders The New York Times and Wall Street journal are experiencing what other swapper businesses ar e facing. Both companies are still on a profitable state but the threat of new technology still affects their operations. The process of creating a product to distribute to market varies widely across the media industries. In the case of newspapers, for example, production is by necessity compressed into a few hours.Most processes assembling newsworthy items from reporters and wire services, layout and typesetting the physical availability of the product for distribution must take place in a compressed time frame. In contrast, the time frame for a book may be months or years. Within particular segments of the industry, there have been some notable changes in the production process in recent years. For example, few book and magazine publishers now physically undertake their own printing, as major commercial printers such as R. R. Donnelley Sons co. Do the majority of book and magazine printing on an ongoing basis.Technological developments have facilitated efficient operations for firms that require geographically dispersed facilities locations. For example, the availability of satellite communications improves the efficiency of the reduction process for publications where there is a standard product that is printed in several locations. Prominent examples include The Wall Street Journal and USA Today. The newspaper industry in the United States is characterized by monopoly and its attendant market power, with 98% of newspapers existing as the only daily paper published within their markets. In the few cities where local competition exists, it nearly always occurs between differentiated newspapers such as a broadsheet and a tabloid intended for different audiences or between papers that target substantially different geographic arrest than their competitors. The markets for most papers are the retail trading zones in which they exist. A national market is relevant for papers that circulate throughout the country and have the majority of their circulation outside the city of main publication.The national newspaper market in the U. S. Includes papers such as the Wall Street Journal, LISA Today, and Christian Science Monitor. This national list is usually supplemented with the New York Times, which gains only about One quarter of its circulation in the national market but is included because of its standing as the national newspaper of cord. In debates within the range of elite opinion, moreover, the Times have not been Fearless even in the face of gross outrages against law, morality, and the general interest.The newspaper industry is not significantly affected by globalization and remains primarily a domestic industry, both in the Ignited States and abroad. The primary reasons for the lack of globalization are that newspapers primary product is local and localized by nature and that linguistic limitations limit the exportability of newspapers. In terms of ownership, few American newspaper firms are globalization their operations for tragic reasons and lack of company structures and capabilities to support international activities. A notable exception has been DOD Jones Co. Which has aggressively pursued globalization through the establishment of regional editions, such as Wall Street Journal Europe and Wall Street Journal Asia. The Gannett Co. Makes USA Today available in some parts of the world through satellite printing and distribution agreements and the New York Times Co. Owns the Paris-based International Herald-Tribune. 3. Why newspapers are facing declining circulations and revenues? 3. 1 . External Assessment 3. 1. 1. Economic Forces Currently Newspapers are still profiting but it has been declining due to new technology such as the internet and the recent economic crisis.The internet has made sure that people dont need to buy newspapers. The economic crisis prevents some individuals to purchase newspapers. Aside from buyers, newspaper businesses rely on advertisers as a source of income. Even the advertisers or the alternative means of income of the newspaper businesses are affected by the internet and innovative media. In recent decades, advertisers have increasingly come to view newspapers as means of reaching ass audiences, rather than as means of reaching segmented audiences that were once available when multiple papers existed. Today, advertisers use other media particularly radio, magazines, and cablecasts to segment audiences and rely on newspapers, a print medium, for reaching mass audiences. In large local markets, some newspapers have begun to segment portions of their markets in geographic terms by providing cost-saving zoned editions that appeal most to local retail stores that serve customers only in a small portion of the entire newspapers market and to classified advertisers interested only in reaching nearby readers.The general reliance on newspapers as a mass medium by national and large advertisers has created a systemic economic problem that makes it nearly impossible for competing papers to survive in the same market. When more than one paper exists in a market, the secondary paper is disadvantaged because a disproportionate amount of advertising is given to the leading paper, regardless Of how closely the second paper approximates its circulation. 3. 1 . 2. Social, cultural, demographic, and environmental forces Daily newspapers have problems.Their readership, especially among younger traders and those most attractive to advertisers, is declining. Their mode of delivering what they produce requires huge capital expenditures in printing presses, newsprint, fleets of delivery trucks, and armies of individuals to drop the ink-on-crushed-trees product on readers doorsteps. Readers have long been used to getting their newspaper for very low cost, despite the fact that the expense of generating much of that content, especially local, original content, is going up.Readers have had their newspaper subsidized by advertisers, who were traditionally willing to pay for access to readers attention. But advertisers are discovering other means of communicating with potential buyers, especially through the use of direct mail and other highly tailored, one-to-one forms of marketing. Hundreds of competitors in the online world have discovered that it is economically feasible and profitable to unbundled the commodity information that has historically been one of the staples of newspapers and deliver it electronically to targeted audiences. The challenge to newspapers historic role as a mass medium with wide readership, deep advertiser support, status as an official publication racial to government, and a business model that was a license to print money has led many to examine how the newspaper of the future must change in order to survive. Newspapers are usually read by adults and some young people. The onset Of the internet reduced the young readers and it reduced the adult readers. People nowadays look for the internet as a primary source of information.People nowadays think that the internet is the faster and more efficient means of gaining all information. 3. 1. 3. Political, governmental and legal forces Economics oriented critics of government intervention in the media realm happily rely on oversimplified economics. Under certain purportedly normal circumstances, the market provides firms with an incentive to produce and sell the product as long as the products cost is less than the purchaser will pay, that is, as long as marginal costs are less than marginal price.The market thereby leads to a preference-maximizing production and distribution. The public may have reasons to presume the seller or producer exercises independent judgment and to believe that this supplier uses this independence to try to serve the purchasers interests. These concerns roved a ACTA last for the press to portray itself as independent and an explanation for most peoples outrage at any evidence that advertisers influence medias editorial content. People value media products for various reasons. Audiences want media products for entertainment or for specific information, as well as for edification. Attributes that make a media product good for one purpose may not be those that make it good for another. This diversity in functions introduces complications for the notion of the audience getting what it wants, complications that are often exacerbated due to the ultimate purchasers audiences and advertisers. Governments have not used means to give assistance to the newspaper industry. No laws have helped in reducing the problem of newspapers.The government only tries to moderate the contents of newspaper but it does not interfere in the situation and condition of the newspaper industry. The government has no power to moderate or reduce the onset of the use of the internet as a competitor for newspaper businesses because of the basic freedom of expression. 3. 1. 4. Technological forces The internet changed the newspaper industry. The internet reduced the need or printing newspaper since there was already an online newspaper. Online newspapers are mostly free but some ask for payment before people can view the site.Although offering content for free to users can boost an electronic newspapers market it may also take readers away from its print edition. Hence, the significant thing for online newspapers is to differentiate themselves from traditional media so that they appear to offer something different. In the long-distance information market, print editions may not be readily available. But there are other challenges. Once the news gets on the Web, it reaches a global market. The marginal cost for delivering news to more people is zero.If an area can generate revenue that exceeds cost, it is worthwhile for electronic newspapers to explore wider markets that carry them beyond the geographical boundaries defining their print editions. How successful an online newspaper will be at attracting readers in the global marketplace is hard to predict. Experience has already shown that readerships for such publications can vary widely. Major newspapers such as The New York Times is The Wall Street Journal is attract significant numbers f visitors to their online editions from all around the world.Smaller local newspapers may continue to attract only a regional readership, even when they go online. In the international arena, online newspapers may include business people needing first-hand information from another country or travelers seeking news of native lands. While residing overseas, these users may not have access to their regular hard copy newspaper and therefore turn to its electronic version instead. Turning to the local advertising market, electronic newspapers face competition from offline and other online media operators.Printed newspapers often derive more than 3/4 of their revenue from advertising. Electronic newspapers have no strong model in this context because of advertisers concern over the endurance of the online readership and the online advertisements actual penetration. The current model requires electronic newspapers to deliver content free of charge to attract sufficient visitors to attract advertising. TO attract advertising, electronic newspapers must show an advantage over other media and over other online services.In the long-distance advertising market, electronic newspapers must array advertisements that have global appeal. This means attracting big national and international advertisers to advertise their brands on the Internet. An alternative is to persuade local companies to think globally and to explore international expansion on the Internet. There remains the problem of how to effectively measure audiences for Web advertising. Different measurement systems exist and disagreements have emerged about the effects of Internet advertising. News organizations have different objectives for establishing Web sites.Such sites can serve public relations function, operating as a brand-building tool. In this context, information is provided for free to users, because charging for exposure to a promotional feature is inappropriate. News Web sites may cover their costs through the advertising revenue they generate, as do print publications. Often, however, establishing this revenue stream takes time and an early entry into the online publishing market can enable a news publisher to learn important lessons essential to the maintenance of a viable Internet business in the longer term. . 1. 5 Competitive Forces New firms enter the newspaper industry if the current firms are earning their refits economic profits exist when returns in an industry that are superior than profits that are accessible from the substitute investments. Thus, the current firms leave the industry if the prices are high enough in order to handle their cost. Entry in the industry is complicated because the current firms are enjoying advantages Including the lower production costs that are not available to the new firms.It is important to consider that the long-run average cost of production of copies of additional newspaper decreases as the number of copies printed increase, thus the economies of scale mean a lily subscription prices than a daily that only reaches some of the minority of the newspaper buyers. Another barrier in entry in the industry is the cost of starting newspaper. It shows that costs for the daily newspapers with the estimated start-up costs for television and radio station a nd particularly websites. Furthermore, those new entrants in the industry will face higher operating cost due to extra costs such as promotion. Furthermore, the markets of the industry are facing some oblique competition between the different layers of newspapers including the national and suburban dailies ND weeklies. 3. 1. 6 External Factor Evaluation (EVE) Matrix FEE Matrix helps the strategists to summaries and assess the economic, social, cultural, demographic, environmental, political, governmental, legal, technological and competitive information.The table on the following page shows the FEE Matrix Of The Chronicles Gazette. Key External Factors Weight Rating Weighted Score Opportunities Internet 2 0. 2 2. Advancement of Mobile gadgets: cellophanes, phones, smartness etc. 15% 0. 0225 Local news coverage 3. 5% 3 0. 15 4. Support from the government The retreats Economic downturn 5. 0. 3 6. Growing competition with the online advertisers 15% Lack of interest of the public to newspaper 0. 1 8. 9. People who are willing to pay for newspaper subscription is declining 5% 0. 0025 10. Indirect competition from different layers of Newspaper 1 poor, 2 below average, 3 above average, 4 superior Total 100. 00% 1 . 3475 The total result of the FEE Matrix shows that the overall effort and performance of the newspaper company in handling the different opportunities and threats in the macro environment is poor. With this, it is important to focus on the different micro environmental factors or those internal aspects that are related with how to improve its current performance and achieve competitive advantage. 4. Internal assessment 4. . Organizational processes and structure The Chronicle Gazette has a well established organizational process and structure. The company has made sure that all the processes in making the newspaper and delivering it to clients were given much thought and consideration. The company made sure that all processes were based from high standards of quality. The company has made sure that its structure is well organized. The gazettes structure is so organized and each member of he organization is trained to find a solution for each problem. 4. 2. HER capabilities The Chronicle Gazette has a Human Resource group that hires the best journalist from the country. The HER group coordinates, communicates and discusses issues with the different journalist. The HER group also makes sure that it gathers competent workers that will print and deliver the newspapers. The HER group makes sure that the workers who will print and deliver the newspapers are given proper trainings on how to perform their duties. Lastly the HER group makes sure that they hire the best managers, sales and office personnel. Term paper free essay sample There are so many options available to how they can structure the new business(s). We will write a custom essay sample on Term paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The appropriate business entity for any individual(s) will depend on their particular facts and circumstances. You are a valued colleague and friend of this three-some and they have come to you seeking advice as to how to structure their new business. They have the knowledge to figure it out themselves, but are looking for the advice of an unbiased 3rd party. Please consider the following tax and non-tax considerations as you recommend an entity choice to Penelope, Mark and John. After 20+ years of working for other firms, Penelope (Enrolled Agent, age 41), Mark (CPA, age 43) and John (CVA, age 65) want to leave the firms they are currently employed by and become their own bosses. Penelope specializes in Taxes, Mark is the Auditor and John is a Business Valuation expert. There are so many options available to how they can structure the new business(s). The appropriate business entity for any individual(s) will depend on their particular facts and circumstances. You are a valued colleague and friend of this three-some and they have come to you seeking advice as to how to structure their new business. They have the knowledge to figure it out themselves, but are looking for the advice of an unbiased 3rd party. Please consider the following tax and non-tax considerations as you recommend an entity choice to Penelope, Mark and John. After 20+ years of working for other firms, Penelope (Enrolled Agent, age 41), Mark (CPA, age 43) and John (CVA, age 65) want to leave the firms they are currently employed by and become their own bosses. Penelope specializes in Taxes, Mark is the Auditor and John is a Business Valuation expert. There are so many options available to how they can structure the new business(s). The appropriate business entity for any individual(s) will depend on their particular facts and circumstances. You are a valued colleague and friend of this three-some and they have come to you seeking advice as to how to structure their new business. They have the knowledge to figure it out themselves, but are looking for the advice of an unbiased 3rd party. Please consider the following tax and non-tax considerations as you recommend an entity choice to Penelope, Mark and John. After 20+ years of working for other firms, Penelope (Enrolled Agent, age 41), Mark (CPA, age 43) and John (CVA, age 65) want to leave the firms they are currently employed by and become their own bosses. Penelope specializes in Taxes, Mark is the Auditor and John is a Business Valuation expert. There are so many options available to how they can structure the new business(s). The appropriate business entity for any individual(s) will depend on their particular facts and circumstances. You are a valued colleague and friend of this three-some and they have come to you seeking advice as to how to structure their new business. They have the knowledge to figure it out themselves, but are looking for the advice of an unbiased 3rd party. Please consider the following tax and non-tax considerations as you recommend an entity choice to Penelope, Mark and John. After 20+ years of working for other firms, Penelope (Enrolled Agent, age 41), Mark (CPA, age 43) and John (CVA, age 65) want to leave the firms they are currently employed by and become their own bosses. Penelope specializes in Taxes, Mark is the Auditor and John is a Business Valuation expert. There are so many options available to how they can structure the new business(s). The appropriate business entity for any individual(s) will depend on their particular facts and circumstances. You are a valued colleague and friend of this three-some and they have come to you seeking advice as to how to structure their new business. They have the knowledge to figure it out themselves, but are looking for the advice of an unbiased 3rd party. Please consider the following tax and non-tax considerations as you recommend an entity choice to Penelope, Mark and John. Term paper free essay sample Focus: Strategic issues in risk return tradeoff relation, beta estimation, portfolio management, market efficiency, and market timing. Assignment Questions 1 Discuss the strategy and goals of Alex Sharpe and relate them to the efficient market hypothesis. 2 Calculate the return and variability (standard deviation) of Reynolds, Hasbro, and Vanguard Index 500 Trust during the past 5 years. Which one appears to be riskiest? SP 500 REYNOLDS HASBRO Mean 0.57% 1.87% 1.18% Variance 0.13% 0.88% 0.66% Standard Deviation 3.60% 9.37% 8.12% Conclusion: Reynolds appears to be riskiest. Explanation: Given the fact that risk reflects the uncertainty of future return on a given asset or a portfolio of assets, standard deviation is thus used as a measure of the risk for the reason that it examines the historical price fluctuations of the underlying assets. Hence, the higher standard deviation, the higher risk the asset bears. Based on the calculation, Reynolds is riskiest because it has the highest standard deviation. 3 Suppose Sharpe’s position had been 99% of equity funds invested in the index fund, and 1% in the individual stock. We will write a custom essay sample on Term paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Calculate the return and variability of each portfolio using each stock. How does each stock affect the return and variability of the equity investment? Which portfolio is riskiest? How does this relate to your answer to question 2? SP 500 Portfolio #1 SP500 and Reynolds Portfolio #2 SP500 and Hasbro Mean 0.57% 0.59% 0.58% Variance 0.13% 0.13% 0.13% Standard Deviation 3.60% 3.59% 3.62% Effect on the initial equity investment: Portfolio #1: Higher expected return, lower variability Portfolio #2: Higher expected return, higher variability Conclusion: Per the answer of question 2, portfolio #2 is the riskiest for the reason that it has the highest standard deviation. 4 Perform a regression of each stock’s monthly returns on the Index returns to compute the â€Å"beta† for each stock. How does this relate to the situation described in question 2 above? In what stock(s) (if any) should Sharpe invest? How might the expected return for each stock relate to its riskiness? 5 What would be your (i) goal and (ii) strategy if you are the portfolio manager? Please provide a reasonable analysis to support your goal and strategy.a Term Paper free essay sample After completing this course, students should be able to: understand and explain concepts and theories concerning the global business environment; apply conceptual frameworks and theories to current events in the global business environment and to actual behavior of firms that engage in international operations; explain and discuss the seminal and contemporary international business literature; display improved skills in critical thinking, analysis, and problem solving; demonstrate improved skills in independent research and communication; and understand the processes of working within a team or group and show evidence of ability to collaborate with others. The learning outcomes in this course also help you to achieve some of the overall program learning goals and outcomes for all postgraduate coursework students in the GAB. Program learning goals are what we want you to be or have by the time you successfully complete your degree (e. We will write a custom essay sample on Term Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page G. be an effective team player).You demonstrate this by achieving specific program learning outcomes what you are able to do by the end Of your degree (e. G. participate collaboratively and responsibly in teams). GAB Postgraduate Coursework Program Learning Goals and Outcomes 1 . Knowledge: Our graduates will have current disciplinary or interdisciplinary knowledge applicable in local and global contexts. You should be able to identify and apply current knowledge of disciplinary or interdisciplinary hero and professional practice to business in local and global environments. 2. Critical thinking and problem solving: Our graduates will have critical thinking and problem solving skills applicable to business and management practice or issues. You should be able to identify, research and analyses complex issues and problems in business and/or management, and propose appropriate and well-justified solutions. 3. Communication: Our graduates will be effective communicators in professional contexts. You should be able to: a. Produce written documents that communicate complex disciplinary ideas and 2 b. Information effectively for the intended audience and purpose, and Produce oral presentations that communicate complex disciplinary ideas and information effectively for the intended audience and purpose. 4. Teamwork: Our graduates will be effective team participants. You should be able to participate collaboratively and responsibly in teams, and reflect on your own teamwork, and on the teams processes and ability to achieve outcomes. 5.Ethical, social and environmental responsibility: Our graduates will have a sound awareness of ethical, social, cultural and environmental implications of business issues and practice. You should be able to: a. Identify and assess ethical, environmental and/or sustainability considerations in business decision-making and practice, and b. Consider social and cultural implications of business and /or management practice. 6. Leadership: Our graduates will have an understanding of effective leadership. (MBA and MBA programs only). You should be able to reflect on your personal leadership experience, and on the capabilities necessary for leadership.For more information on the postgraduate coursework program learning goals and outcomes, see Part B of the course outline. The following table shows how your course learning outcomes relate to the overall program learning goals and outcomes, and indicates where these are assessed: Program Learning Goals and Outcomes This course helps you to achieve the following learning goals for all GAB postgraduate coursework students: 1 Knowledge Course Learning Outcomes On successful completion of the course, you should be able to: Course Assessment Item This learning outcome will be assessed in the following items: Understand and explain concepts and theories concerning the global business environment.Explain and discuss the seminal and contemporary international busin ess literature. Case presentation Term paper Exam Critical thinking and problem solving Apply conceptual frameworks and theories to current events in the global business environment and to actual behavior of firms that engage in international operations. Display improved skills in critical thinking, analysis, and problem solving. AAA Written communication Oral communication Demonstrate improved skills in independent research and communication. Demonstrate improved skills in Term paper b Case presentation Part of seminar independent research and communication. Explain and discuss the seminal and contemporary international business literature. Teamwork participation mark but not separately assessed Sanderson the processes of working within a team or group and show evidence of ability to collaborate with others. Explain and discuss the seminal and contemporary international business literature. Not specifically assessed b. Ethical, environmental and sustainability responsibility Social and cultural awareness 3 LEARNING AND TEACHING ACTIVITIES 3. 1 Approach to Learning and Teaching in the Course This course is based on the most recent research and practice regarding business and management issues related to Ones. It combines multiple theoretical perspectives with practical cases, enabling students to understand how the conceptual tools work in practice.The course is taught with a participant-centered approach. The core of the course is student participation in both lectures and seminars. Throughout group work, case studies, and class discussion, students will be able to bring in their existing knowledge and contextual their theoretical analysis. Students with practical experience will e invited to share their experience with the class. The course sets clear expectations, goals, and learning outcomes for students. These are centered on the expectation that students for their future careers will want to equip themselves with the skills to deal with corporate challenges in an international context.Students will therefore be encouraged to develop analytical and presentation skills through individual research and as part Of a team. Continuous assessment during the course is done with the aim to support students in developing these skills, with timely feedback from both instructor and peer students provided. 3. 2 Learning Activities and Teaching Strategies Lectures which introduce theoretical and analytical concepts, and link the course content to current business practice. The modes of teaching for this course are: 4 Seminars which allow students to link their own experience to new conceptual tools and modes of analysis. Individual assignment which allows students to develop skills to conduct in-depth research on a selected topic.